Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC)

Overview

Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), also known as a sequential compression device (SCD), consists of inflatable sleeves designed to prevent and protect against harmful blood clots following surgery. For individuals who are unable to walk, these devices are worn on the calves to promote blood circulation in the legs. A plastic sleeve covers each foot, extends around the calves, and connects to a small machine that inflates the sleeve. These devices are an alternative to blood thinners, which may not be appropriate for certain individuals.

Reasons for undergoing the procedure

The intermittent pneumatic compression device is used during your recovery in the hospital or occasionally at home. You wear the device while resting in bed or sitting in a chair until you are more mobile.

Intermittent pneumatic compression devices are most commonly used in hospitals for patients who have limited mobility during their recovery from an illness, stroke, or surgery. 

Prolonged periods of inactivity can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a type of blood clot that typically forms in the thigh or lower leg. This risk is particularly elevated during extended hospital stays following surgery or a stroke. As a result, intermittent pneumatic compression may be necessary for certain people before, during, and after surgery.

Intermittent pneumatic compression devices aid in preventing DVT and other blood clots. DVT poses significant risks, particularly if a clot dislodges and travels through the bloodstream. If it lodges in a blood vessel in the lung, it can lead to a blockage known as pulmonary embolism (PE), causing severe shortness of breath and potentially sudden death.

Pregnant individuals may require an intermittent pneumatic compression sleeve to prevent blood clots, particularly if their mobility is limited during hospitalization before or after delivery. These devices are used on their legs to help maintain circulation.

Intermittent pneumatic compression devices are also used in the treatment of lymphedema.

Risks

The risks associated with intermittent pneumatic compression devices include:

• Limited range of motion in the legs.
• Warmth in the legs that may lead to sweating.
• Removal takes time if you have to get out of bed.
• Pain, rashes, or breakdown of the skin.
• Rare cases of pressure injuries or nerve damage.

Intermittent pneumatic compression devices may feel unusual, but they should not cause pain. If you experience any discomfort from your leg compression machine, inform your healthcare provider promptly.

Procedure

Intermittent pneumatic compression devices are widely used because anyone undergoing surgery is at risk of developing a blood clot. Patients staying overnight in the hospital following surgery may be required to use these devices as a preventive measure.

The compression machine is connected to the intermittent pneumatic compression sleeves (cuffs). Every 20 to 60 seconds, these sleeves inflate around your legs before deflating. It feels kind of like a massage for your legs.

The intermittent inflating and deflating action of the pneumatic compression device promotes circulation. This healthy blood flow helps prevent the formation of blood clots in your body.

The sleeves help to move blood toward your heart as they compress. Your leg arteries receive blood that is rich in oxygen when they relax. In addition, the sleeves help your body release substances that may help stop clots from forming.

Be sure to consult your healthcare provider about the duration you should use the leg compression machine. Generally, as you begin to move regularly, the risk of DVT decreases. At that point, you can discontinue using the device.

Outcome

The leg compression machine promotes blood circulation and reduces the risk of blood clots. It provides the benefits of movement without the need for medication when physical activity is limited.

Venous thromboembolism (blood clots in a vein) is the primary preventable cause of death in hospitals. Using intermittent pneumatic compression can help avoid blood clots and possibly save lives.

For some people, the only way to avoid blood clots may be through intermittent pneumatic compression. For those with restricted mobility or who are unable to take blood thinners, this drug-free device is a good option.

To enhance the effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression, incorporate regular foot exercises throughout the day. Point and flex your feet several times per hour while you’re awake, alternating between pointing your toes downward and upward towards your face. If approved by your care team, engage in short walks multiple times daily to promote circulation.

Inform your healthcare provider if you experience any of the following:

• Pain in your leg or skin.
• Swelling or warmth in your leg.
• Shortness of breath.
• Skin sores beneath the compression sleeves.