Atelectasis

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of atelectasis can be made by a doctor’s examination and a plain chest X-ray, but additional tests may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis or determine the severity and type of atelectasis. These tests may include:

• Computed tomography (CT) scan: Due to its higher sensitivity, a CT scan can be more effective than an X-ray in identifying the underlying cause and specific type of atelectasis in some cases.
• Oximetry: This quick test measures the blood oxygen level using a tiny device placed on one of the fingers. It assists in judging how severe the condition is.
• Ultrasound of the thorax: With the use of this non-invasive test, it is possible to distinguish between pleural effusion and atelectasis—a condition in which the lungs thicken and enlarge as a result of fluid buildup in the air sacs.
• Bronchoscopy: A healthcare provider can view what caused the blockage at their throat by inserting a flexible, illuminated tube down it. This could be a mucus plug, tumor, or foreign body. The obstructions can be removed with this approach as well.

Treatment

The approach for managing atelectasis varies according to its underlying cause. In some cases, mild atelectasis may resolve on its own without any intervention. In other cases, medications may be prescribed to help break up and reduce the thickness of mucus. However, if the atelectasis is caused by an obstruction, it may be necessary to consider more invasive treatments such as surgery.

• Chest physiotherapy: It is essential to acquire deep breathing techniques before surgery to re-inflate collapsed lung tissue. You can use various techniques such as:
  • Incentive spirometry: Deep coughing exercises and the use of an assistance for deep coughing may help clear secretions and expand lung volume.
  • Postural drainage: Positioning the body in a position where the head is lower than the chest (postural drainage). As a result, their lungs’ mucus can discharge more effectively.
  • Percussion/ Tapping of the chest: To release mucus, tap the chest over the compressed spot. Moreover, patient can utilize mechanical mucus-clearing tools, such as a hand-held gadget or an air-pulse vibrator vest.
• Surgery: To clear airway obstructions, there are two methods available – suctioning mucus or using a flexible tube called bronchoscopy. The tube is carefully guided down the throat by the doctor to remove any blockages present in the airways. In cases where atelectasis is caused by a tumor, treatment may involve removing or reducing the tumor surgically. This treatment might also include other cancer treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy.
• Breathing treatments: A breathing tube may be necessary in certain situations. For individuals who are too weak to cough and experience low levels of oxygen (hypoxemia) following surgery, the use of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) could be beneficial.