Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Overview

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a pain relief treatment that uses a low-voltage electrical current to help block pain signals or alter how you perceive pain.

TENS therapy is effective for many people, although its benefits can vary from person to person. While researchers generally agree on its effectiveness for some, there isn’t enough research to fully understand why it works better for certain individuals. Ongoing studies aim to uncover more about its mechanisms. Most experts believe that the electrical current triggers the release of natural pain-reducing chemicals in the body.

A TENS unit is a battery-operated device equipped with electrodes that send electrical impulses through your skin. These electrodes are placed on or near trigger points (areas of muscle tension) or the affected nerves.

TENS therapy is commonly offered by doctors in clinics or hospitals, but you can also get a prescription for a TENS unit to use at home. Alternatively, you can purchase an Over-The-Counter (OTC) TENS unit from a pharmacy without a prescription.

Before using any TENS unit, it’s advisable to consult with your doctor. Although many units have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, your doctor can help you select the most appropriate device for your needs and guide you on the proper placement of the electrodes.

Reasons for undergoing the procedure

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is used by doctors to treat a variety of acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) illnesses, such as:

• Bursitis
• Osteoarthritis
• Fibromyalgia
• Tendinitis
• Back pain
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Diabetes-related neuropathy
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Risks

Among the potential TENS adverse effects are:

• An allergic response to glues.
• Uneasy feelings. (Some people find the tingling and prickling sensation uncomfortable.)
• Seldom occurring electrode burns.

During the procedure

Doctors propose two theories regarding how TENS works:

• The electrical current stimulates nerve cells that inhibit pain signal transmission, altering your perception of pain.
• The electrical current boosts endorphin levels, which are your body’s natural pain relievers, activating your body’s natural pain-relieving abilities.

A TENS machine is roughly the size of a small cell phone and comes with multiple sets of electrodes, wires, and pads. Here’s how it operates:

• The electrodes have 2-by-2-inch pads on one end that connect to the TENS machine.
• Each pad has an adhesive backing for easy attachment to your skin.
• You or your doctor place the pads on the skin over affected areas, following nerve pathways.
• The TENS unit delivers electrical energy pulses.
• You can adjust the duration, frequency, and intensity of the pulses to find a comfortable and effective setting.

During treatment, many patients experience reduced discomfort, though the level of pain relief can vary. Some individuals report feeling better for up to 24 hours post-session, while others may find that their pain returns immediately after turning off the machine.

You can use a TENS machine as often as needed, with some users applying it for up to 60 minutes multiple times a day. However, it’s advisable to consult your doctor before starting treatment.

Outcome

According to the majority of participants, pain alleviation starts as soon as the session starts and ends an hour later.